An Analysis of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Essay examples

An Analysis of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Somewhere within the narrative of Mrs. Dalloway, there seems to lie what could be understood as a restatement - or, perhaps, a working out of - the essentially simple, key theme or motif found in Woolfs famous feminist essay A Room of Ones Own. Mrs. Dalloway does in fact possess a room of her own - and enjoys an income (or the use of an income) that is at least five hundred a year - (Room: 164). But most importantly, Clarissa Dalloway also deals with ways of working out female economic necessity, personal space, and the manifestation of an artistic self-conception. That this perceived room of her famous essay can also serve as a psychological model becomes clearer in Mrs.†¦show more content†¦Hence, in the course of her life as depicted in her narrated memories, she moves from one safe house (as the enclosing, larger conglomerate of rooms, and an enclosed space congruent to the room) and garden to another. The passages on Clarissa move back and forth between reoccurring me mories of Bourton from the first and last pages of the novel ( - she had burst open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air..(3) - And once she had walked on the terrace at Bourton:282) and her present actions in the well-established Dalloway residence over which she presides. She moves safely and consciously from her fathers house to Richards house: indeed, it is within the walls and gardens of Bourton that Clarissa makes her firm decision against marrying Peter and then to marry Richard. To marry Peter would have been an impecunious choice, although it seemed potentially more romantic and contained an intimacy that was in the moment of Clarissas decision painful to give up ( - she had borne about with her for years like an arrow sticking in her heart the grief, the anguish - : 10). But, Clarissa realizes that this overwhelming intimacy would have been stifling in the long-term. Her choice of spouse, Richard, comprehends a need for personal intellectual and emotional space: For in marriage, a little licence, a little independence there must beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway1756 Words   |  8 PagesIt is itself doubtable that Virginia Woolf’s 1925 novel Mrs. Dalloway would or even could exist, as we know it today, without T.S. Eliot’s 1922 poem The Waste Land – but what’s near-certain to me now is that Woolf may not have ever even written the character of Septimus Warren Smith, had she not read Eliot’s poem first. Moreover, after going back and reviewing both of these works, the presence of The Waste Land in Septimus, and of Septimus in The Waste Land, are intensely palpable, if not completelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway1131 Words   |  5 PagesI, highlights the ineffable aspect of the war even for the most skilled authors, saying that: reviewing a novel in 1917, Virginia Woolf suggested that the War was towering too closely and tremendously to be worked into fiction yet†¦ (Tylee, 154). Regardless of this, Virginia Woolf was able to successfully portray individual aspects of the war through her novel Mrs. Dalloway, using a variety of stories to historicize this catastrophic event. One lens in particular, the love story, provides an importantRead More Feminism and Insanity in Virginia Woolfs Work Essay examples1105 Words   |  5 Pagesin Virginia Woolfs Work The critical discussion revolving around the presence of mystical elements in Virginia Woolfs work is sparse. Yet it seems to revolve rather neatly around two poles. The first being a preoccupation with the notion of madness and insanity in Woolfs work and the second focuses on the political ramifications of mystical encounters. More specifically, Woolfs mysticism reflects on her feminist ideals and notions. Even though she ultimately associates Woolfs brandRead MoreMrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf1696 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, the author uses narrative techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue in order to depict the workings of an â€Å"ordinary† or normal mind in narrative form. She also rejects the conventional structure of ‘chapters’ in order to give an â€Å"ordinary† portrayal of the mind. This essay will firstly contextualise the extract for analysis, namely the opening scene in the novel. This will be followed by defining the narrative techniques that is depictedRead MoreEssay on The Hours by Michael Cunningham1456 Words   |  6 PagesAbsences in The Hours.† My aim, however, is not to say that Michael Cunningham’s The Hours is strictly a queer novel, but to highlight what makes the novel queer and to discuss Cunningham’s idea of sexual orientation as a fluid entity. To begin my analysis on the queer narrative in The Hours, we must fist discover what makes a queer narrative. Marilyn Farwell discusses what makes a lesbian narrative in her book Heterosexual Plots and Lesbian Narratives: â€Å"Does the text have a political purpose? CanRead MoreAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range ofRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 PagesThe Suicide of the Author and his Reincarnation in the Reader: Intertextuality in The Hours by Michael Cunningham Andrea Wild In his novel The Hours, Michael Cunningham weaves a dazzling fabric of intertextual references to Virginia Woolfs works as well as to her biography. In this essay, I shall partly yield to the academic itch to tease out the manifold and sophisticated allusions to the numerous intertexts. My aim, however, is not to point out every single reference to Woolf and her works--suchRead MoreMrs Dalloway1427 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range of thoseRead More Society, Class, and Conflict the Social Criticism of Virginia Woolf1936 Words   |  8 PagesVirginia Woolf offers interesting analysis of social pressure and social class in Mrs. Dalloway and The Years. Understanding Woolf’s message about society demands a certain amount of sensitivity and decoding on behalf of her reader. Her social criticism in both texts can be easily overlooked because she keeps it subtle and implicit, hidden in the patterns and courses of her characters’ trains of thoughts. Yet upon such close reading, the essential importance of conflict between the individual andRead MoreEssay on Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway1927 Words   |  8 Pagesof a window. The book Mrs. Dallowayâ€⠄¢s Theme is to show proper balance in the lives of all characters because Mrs. Dalloway, who chooses a life of safety with Richard, Septimus couldn’t keep stability in his life, and lady burton wants to enforce balance by sending people to Canada. Raised by a privileged English household in 1882, writer Virginia Woolf had freethinking parents (Adeline). Born Kensington, London, England, United Kingdom, January 25, 1882 as Adeline Virginia Stephen never married;

Encouraging Constructivism in Todays Classroom Essay

Laptops, I-pads, I-pods, tablets of all types, smart phones, technology in general is the era that me as an upcoming primary school teacher is coming up in. These technologies whether we believe it or not our young children ages 4- 12 which is the age range that students are in the primary school are all using them to their fullest capacity. Therefore, when we as teachers go in the front of the students to teach it cannot be watch and write anymore, because most children do not learn that way anymore. When you begin to engage your students in your lesson you find out that these children have experiences that we can use to bring the information alive with to them so that they better understand what we are talking about. One thing that all†¦show more content†¦This situation now may change what we believe or may cause us to look at the new information as irrelevant and discard it. The constructivist theory asserts that we are active learners and creators of our own knowledge. Due to the way humans operate and because not everyone things and looks at things the same way constructivism divides learning into two types: accommodation and assimilation. Hence, the focus is now on the individual’s desire and ability to learn, and the teacher or therapist in some instances is only there to help guide self- directed learning. Assimilation from the constructivist point of view is learning that occurs when new information is absorbed or received into an existing framework which is the persons mind. The person then takes this new information and incorporates it into their beliefs and understandings that already exist. Their overall beliefs and understanding of the world do not change. For example if Sidney have a basic understanding of physics it will be easy for him to assimilate the things he learned into his graduate physics class. The new information that Sidney receives from his physics graduate class is combined and incorporated into his overall belie f and understanding of what he already knows about physics. Accommodation is one if two ways that we as humans actively learn. When we try something and we don’t get the results we were expecting, weShow MoreRelatedLecturer Peter Senge Once Stated, â€Å"Knowledge Is Constructed,1302 Words   |  6 PagesLecturer Peter Senge once stated, â€Å"Knowledge is constructed, not transferred† (Callahan). With this one quote Peter Senge has managed to mock the modern education system. Today’s educational institutions do exactly what Senge says not to; teachers try to transfer knowledge to their students through lectures, worksheets, and rubrics. This type of instruction, called essentialism, limits student’s creativity. Students are unable to act independently from teacher expectations. Essentialism tends toRead MoreLearning Theory And Its Impact On Education1364 Words   |  6 PagesLearning is essential in today’s society as education becomes signific ant as economy advances. How each learns varies, and there are different approaches used for learning. Learning leads to enduring change in a person, and it is quite a dynamic process where the knowledge and skills to the learner are different after the learning. Learning theories as the conceptual frameworks that describe ways in which information gets absorbed, processed as well as retained in a learning process. Getting anRead MoreThis Essay Will Be Addressing The Following Statement,1414 Words   |  6 Pageson mathematical thinking and communication to prepare them for the world of tomorrow† (Anghileri, 2006, p.3). This will be done with a discussion on the two main teaching pedagogies of Constructivism and Behaviourism. A detailed explanation of what these pedagogies are and how they have been used in the classroom will be explored. This will lead into the effectiveness of both pedagogies comparing the main differences between them. Finally, a discussion on the teaching of mathematics into the futureRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 Pageshigher order thinking skills to apply beyond the classroom environment. This essay will examine pedagogies and theories regarding the impact upon the qual ity of education within the 21st Century through the use of digital technology. By exploring research based on the integration of technology in modern learning spaces, the objective is to demonstrate how technology, through adequate and effective teacher guidance, can transform the traditional classroom setting into a powerful learning environment.Read MoreMy Experience With My Course At Austin Community College And Concordia University Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesThrough my experience working with kids and my courses at Austin Community College and Concordia University I’ve established a philosophy of education that I intend to use in my future classroom. Being entrusted with shaping young minds, but also sculpting these children and lighting their way is an enormous responsibility that I intend to take the utmost care with. I plan to fall in love daily with my students and the profession that I feel God has called me to do. Teaching will forever be my callingRead MoreUs ing Scientific Inquiry Model in High School Biology1339 Words   |  6 PagesRationale In classrooms today, educators are constantly seeking and implementing engaging lessons that will increase student knowledge and skills. The intent of the activities is to help students become independent learners and use process thinking skills. Students seem to learn best by actually directing their own learning and doing, rather than being led from step to step by the teacher. In science, it is especially important that students learn by inquiry and use more of a hands-on approach toRead MoreConstructivist Learning Theory And Nursing Practice1520 Words   |  7 Pagescombinations of theories to successfully teach adult learners in this ever changing health care system. This paper will highlight the use of Constructivist Learning Theory and its application to nursing practice. Constructivist Learning Theory- Constructivism Constructivist Learning Theory exists under the focus of cognitive learning and has substructures of the concepts of self- efficacy, self- regulation, and metacognition as it defines how adults learn (Billings Halstead, 2012, p. 211). BillingsRead MoreSupporting Literacy for All Children1014 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"based on the proposition that mental processes exist and can be studied (Gunning, 4). Under this theory of congnitivism lies Piaget’s theory that each child develops through constructivism, in building their own understanding of the world and the realities within it. Similarly, Vygotsky stresses the importance of social constructivism in how social encounters can change cognitive development (Gunning, 5). The cognitive behavioral approach is to help the students realize their potential by showing themRead MoreTeaching, Teaching And Teaching2143 Words   |  9 PagesPedagogy is not simply just the practise of teaching or the transfer of knowledge from one in dividual to another. It involves a vast array of teaching strategies that support intellectual engagement. It creates a supportive learning environment, encouraging reflective thought and action. It enhances the relevance of new learning whilst facilitating shared learning and making connections to prior learning and experiences (Crown 2007). The effective teaching of Language in the Primary school has utmostRead MoreBest Teaching Practices For Creating Life-Long Learners Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesthe zone of proximal development and all learners have a ‘zone of proximal development’ for each task they are expected to master. However learners must be in the zone to benefit from assistance’ (Eggen Kauchak, 2010). Social constructivism is encouraged in the classroom to enhance the development of individual learners. When a learner engages in social constructivist environments new strategies and knowledge can be constructed (Fernandez-Berracol Santomaria, 2006). Caring teachers who are committed

Solve Gen Inc Free Essays

Solve Gen Inc. Background By Direct Drugs Inc. (Direct)’s request, an Audit engagement team has perform due diligence procedures, with an emphasis on the review of two separate material agreements between SolvGen Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Solve Gen Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now (SolvGen) , that Direct is planning to acquire, and Careway Inc (Careway). First agreement is a research and development agreement , and second agreement is a license and distribution agreement during the first quarter of fiscal year 2010. †¢What are the deliverables for the arrangement described in the case study above? According to ASC 605-25-15-2, all deliverables (that is, products, services, or rights to use assets) within contractually binding arrangements (whether written, oral, or implied, and hereinafter referred to as arrangements) in all industries under which a vendor will perform multiple revenue-generating activities. In this case study, two deliverables are described: (1) a five-year research and development agreement and (2) license and distribution agreement. Under the five-year research and development agreement, this case study described that SolvGen uses its best efforts to further develop proprietary instrument systems that have been under development for nearly 18 months and are expected to be expected to be ready for commercial launch in the near future. In case of license and distribution agreement, Careway will pay SolvGen for each proprietary instrument system as it is purchased by Careway. $ 1 million of the exclusive negotiation payment paid in December 1, 2009 is recognized as cash in debit and unearned revenue in credit in 2009 because the agreement will start in 2010. SolvGen can recognize any amount as revenue in credit and as unearned revenue in credit using completed or percentage method until the end of agreement to match expenses incurred in 2010. $ 2 million of contract signing payment paid January 1, 2010 is also recognized any amount as revenue in credit and unearned revenue in credit using completed or percentage method to match expenses incurred in 2010. The commercial launch of instrument system version 1-$ 5 million paid in March 31, 2010 upon commercial launch can be recognized as revenue in credit according to ASC 985-605-25-5 even if SolvGen do not deliver the instrument system. For the last two commercial launch of instrument system version 2 and 3- $ 5 million unpaid can be recognized as revenue in credit and account receivable in debit according to ASC 985-605-25-5 even if SolvGen do not deliver the instrument system. †¢When should the milestone payment received to date by SolvGen be recognized as revenue? To recognize the milestone consideration in its entirety as revenue in the period in which the milestone is achieved, the milestone will be substantive in its entirety. ASC 605-28-25) The milestone payments received to date by SolvGen for commercial launch of instrument system version 1 should be recognized as revenue because the commercial launch is satisfied with the condition that the milestone is substantive. A vendor recognizes deliverable consideration or unit of accounting consideration that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved (ASC 605-28-25). How to cite Solve Gen Inc, Essay examples

Business Research and Communication Boral Multinational Corporation

Question: Describe about the Business Research and Communication for Boral Multinational Corporation. Answer: The Background of Boral Limited and its activities related to PPE Boral is a multinational corporation that specializes in building as well as construction materials. It started in Australia but currently it operates in Asia and the United States. It has more than 12000 employees working in more than 600 sites. During the year 2013 alone, it made sales around A$5.29 billion. Initially, it was referred to as the Bitumen and Oil Refineries Australia Limited until the year 2000 when it changed to Boral. During the process of changing its name, the energy assets changed to Origin Energy. It should be noted that the Origin Energy and the Boral Limited are registered separately on Australian Stock Exchange ("Building Construction Materials Boral," n.d.). Its activities related to PPE A careful analysis of the Boral Limited shows that it follows the principles of faithful representation. This is due to the fact all financial information are error free and very correct. It is always necessary to provide all the financial information in clear and concise manner. The Boral Limited is, therefore, compliant with PPE. Extent on the disclosure on PPE Boral Limited has for a long time gave their reports concerning property, plant, and equipment. Some of the things that they disclose include the land they own, buildings, office equipment, machinery, vehicles, and the fixture (Laux, 2007). The properties disclosed on PPE are always long-lived. They are tangible assets. Disclosing the information on PPE is very useful when it comes to financial information. It allows the use of two valuation models namely the revaluation model and the cost model. The cost model always needs the PPE to be done on depreciation that is less accumulative. The revaluation model implies that the assets are carried at a highly revaluated amount. For this to happen, then the assets fair value at its date of revaluation should be less when compared to any accumulated depreciation (Hlaing Pourjalali, 2012). As well as any other subsequent accumulated impairment. Fair value can be described as the amount of money for which any asset can be changed between parties. Each of the above models is always applied consistently in all the PPE found within the same class. A class of assets, in this case, refers to the assets that are similar or those that perform similar functions within the business (Laux, 2007). Despite the fact that the IAS 16 lacks clarity on how each and every asset should be revaluated, the Boral Limited always tries to provide all the needed financial information in a clear and concise manner. The objectives of providing accurate financial information are to help during the decision-making process. Providing wrong information means that inappropriate decisions will be made. The finance department within the Boral has always provided the right information (Hlaing Pourjalali, 2012). The information provided has helped in knowing what is missing and what is available. The market value of the assets has however never been indicated on plant, property, and equipment. Recommendation After a careful analysis of the Boral Limited PPE, it is clear that certain things or elements should be changed. It is important that all the market value of the assets should be provided. Providing the market value helps in comparing the current market prices thus aiding in making the right decision. Including the market value also helps in knowing the valuation prices. References Highlights of the Collective Insights Recommendations for DoD's Valuation of General Property Plant Equipment' 2015, Armed Forces Comptroller, 60, 4, pp. 26-30, Business Hlaing, K, Pourjalali, H 2012, 'Economic Reasons for Reporting Property, Plant, and Equipment at Fair Market Value by Foreign Cross-Listed Firms in the United States', Journal Of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 27, 4, pp. 557-576 Laux, J 2007, 'Accounting Issues: An Essay Series Part IV--Property, Plant, Equipment', Journal of College Teaching Learning, 4, 11, pp. 41-46 Building Construction Materials Boral. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.boral.com.au

The Lost City Of Atlantis Essays - Atlantis, Plato,

The Lost City Of Atlantis I have discovered the long lost city of Atlantis. I am about 15 miles off the West Coast of the Hawaiian Islands. I have found many artifacts and a few buildings intact at the bottom of the ocean. I have found an extremely large building with many rooms that I believe to be a palace of some sort. I have also found gold, silver, and many other jewels inside of this building. I have found what I believe is the king in the largest room, which I believe, is a throne room. He was a very wealthy man with many loyal subjects. He must have been a very powerful leader; because, it looks as if his many subjects are worshipping him. This civilization is extremely advanced for I have discovered a library, a church, many chariots, what looks like a war room, and a slaves quarters. In the library, many scrolls and books were beyond legibility and preservation. I found a few that were legible and they appear to use ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. I was able to decipher a few passages and they read, In our Final Days of War the enemy is strong, but we are stronger and slowly destroying our enemy. Now our enemy wants a truce or he claims he will destroy us with the magic of their god. The only reason they say that we are still alive is that they require our advanced technology. They claim their god grows weary of our resistance, and will sink us to the bottom of the sea if we do not comply with their wishes. Eventhough, they threaten us we still fight on strong and will continue to fight until we are all dead. We will not forfeit our technology to such scum. I have not yet found any other legible recordings to try to decipher. This civilization is almost as advanced if not more advanced than the pilgrims were when they landed at Plymouth. As I go farther into this civilization and discover more I will record my findings and keep this record updated as much as possible. Mythology Essays

German Verbs - wissen - to know - conjugated

German Verbs - wissen - to know - conjugated In the following chart you will find the conjugation of the irregular German verb  wissen  (to know). Although it is not a modal verb, the conjugation of  wissen  follows the same pattern as the modal verbs. Like the modals, and unlike normal German verbs,  wissen  has the same form for  ich  (1st person sing.) and  er, sie, es  (3rd person sing.). German, like many other languages, has two different verbs that can correspond to the single English verb to know. Like Spanish, Italian and French, for example, German makes a distinction between knowing or being familiar with a person or thing (kennen) AND knowing a fact (wissen). The verb  wissen  is a stem-changing verb. That is to say, the infinitives stem vowel  i  changes to  eiin all the singular present tense forms (weiß), and to  u  in the past participle (gewusst). In many ways, as we said above, it behaves like a modal verb. Except for  ihr wisst  (formerly  wißt), spelling reform has not affected  wissen,  so you should note that its singular forms are still spelled with an ess-zett (ß, except in Swiss German), while the plural forms use a double-s (ss). This verb chart uses  the new German spelling  (die neue Rechtschreibung). Wissen Conjugations PRSENS(Present) PRTERITUM(Preterite/Past) PERFEKT(Pres. Perfect) SINGULAR ich weiI know ich wussteI knew ich habe gewusstI knew, have known du weityou know du wusstestyou knew du hast gewusstyou knew, have known er/sie weihe/she knows er/sie wusstehe/she knew er/sie hat gewussthe/she knew, has known PLURAL wir/Sie/sie wissenwe/you/they have to wir/Sie/sie wusstenwe/you/they knew wir/Sie/sie haben gewusstwe/you/they knew, have known ihr wisstyou (pl.) know ihr wusstetyou (pl.) knew ihr habt gewusstyou (pl.) knew, have known Sample Sentences/Idioms Er weiß Bescheid.He knows all about it. (Hes been kept informed.)Weißt du, wann der Bus kommt?Do you know when the bus is coming?Ich habe nicht Bescheid gewusst.I didnt know a thing about it. Related Pages The 20 Most-Used German VerbsRanked by frequency of use. With conjugations and examples. German for BeginnersOur free online German course!

Research proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research proposal - Dissertation Example In view of the same, the concept of total quality management is deemed of paramount importance to these outsourced companies. Hence, the main focus of this paper is to look into the manner by which total quality management principles are incorporated into the processes adopted by the outsourced industries. Total quality management is defined as that philosophy for management concerned with the continuous improvement of the quality of products and processes (Ahire 1997). This particular management concept is used all over the world. The functions related thereto are based on the fact that the quality of products and processes is the responsible of everyone who is engaged in the creation or consumption of the products or services that are offered by the organization. In this sense, Total quality management entails the involvement of the management, workforce, suppliers and even customers in order to ensure that the expectations of the customers are met (Ahire 1997). Hakes (1991) on the other hand, also mentioned that total quality management is essential to all successful organizations. ... Literature Review To provide a solid ground to this study, the researcher reviews extant literature with respect to outsourcing and total quality management. This literature review covers pertinent areas related to the same. To ensure an extensive discussion as regards the subject matter at hand, this section is divided into the following sub-sections: (1) Total Quality Management: An Overview and (2) The Outsourced Information Industry: The Need for Total Quality Management. Total Quality Management: An Overview. As earlier stated, the importance of total quality management as an essential part of the management philosophy is grounded on the fact that it ensures the performance of a certain firm in accordance with the expectations of the customers and at the same time, to enable it to cope with the ever changing global market places. Usually, total quality management results into two important consequences for the firms: first, increase in productivity; and second, customer satisfac tion. One of the main characteristics of Total Quality Management is related to the need to identify the root causes of quality problems and at the same time, correcting them from the source. This is basically in line with the efforts to incorporate quality in all aspects of the organizations. Thus, it usually involves all the people in the organizations such as the customers, the employees and the suppliers. According to the article entitled â€Å"Total Quality Management† (n.d.), total quality management often has the following aspects: (1) Customer Focus; (2) Continuous Improvement; (3) Employee Empowerment; (4) Use of Quality Tools; (5) Product Design; (6) Process Management; and lastly, (7) the Management of Supplier Quality. The focus of the

Marketing Audits Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Audits - Coursework Example Changing perspectives in marketing planning for Parcelforce The age of globalisation and competition has spurred up the need to ensure more planning and effective strategies in order to counter the threats of competition prevailing in the markets. Business environment in the present date is characterised by cut throat competition among the market players that are engaged in attaching strategies like predatory pricing and ambush marketing to attack competitors. The industry due to high competition is characterised by low margins that has severely changed the business dynamics and has also ensured change in marketing planning tactics so as to ensure sustainability in the market (Global Express Parcels, 2011, p.1). Parcelforce Appraisal for capability for planning its future marketing activity Parcelforce is one of the largest courier and parcel delivery companies operating out of UK and has operations in numerous nations with a cutting edge technology and an effective service delivery mechanism. The company should use its technological advancements and the good brand image of the company owning to its long association with the industry to derive competitive advantage. The company should try to use its massive global presence and couple it with innovation in service delivery mechanism so as to generate competitive advantage.... The company should use its technological advancements and the good brand image of the company owning to its long association with the industry to derive competitive advantage. The company should try to use its massive global presence and couple it with innovation in service delivery mechanism so as to generate competitive advantage. All its marketing efforts must not only be solely directed towards attracting new customers but focus should be made on CRM approaches that can help in not only attracting new customers but also in retention of the existing customers. The efficient technological base of the company along with a team of qualified and talented employees can help generate greater value for the customers. Spending must also be induced in the research and development aspect so as to generate innovation as it is the only way in which the company can distinguish itself from its competitors in the market and generate competitive advantage. SWOT Analysis SWOT stands for Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats and is used to analyse the internal environment of an organization. The SWOT analysis for Parcelforce is stated below: Strengths The main area of strength for the company includes its long association with the industry as well as a formidable presence across UK. The company also has an effective brand image and has been associated with the royal mail service. Strengths also emerge in the areas of efficient use of technology and effective logistics management and also a good reputation for quality service delivery among the customers (Parcelforce, 2012). Weakness Certain areas of weakness for the company include a limited offering to the customers that is matched

Mexico economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mexico economy - Essay Example 59). The key issues to be watched out for the next year by the Mexican economists are all factors that inhibit the country’s economic growth, as well as its competitiveness in the foreign markets. For example, the country’s economic systems should watch all the constraints of employment, demand, multinational controls constraints as well as monitoring the emerging market economies. In addition, income distribution and consumption patterns of the Mexican economy should be closely be watched to determine the county’s economic position and trends in the upcoming years (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 68). The Mexican economy would unfold with structural reforms that would see the country’s economy pave new ways for investments. However, with the current trends, the Mexican economic accounts is expected to cite a weaker global expansion and further risk reduced competitiveness in a more volatile international markets for Mexican accounts to cope with the emerging market economies (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 52). The United States policy makers in relation to the Mexican unprecedented macroeconomic stability outcome would not want a deteriorating economic performance of the Mexican’ economic as it would directly affect its economy as the two country’s shares common economy patterns. Therefore, the United States policymakers would respond by steering up the Mexican’ economy accounts performance (Moreno-Brid & Jaime Ros, P. 84). The most important information needed in planning for a better future economic development is worth understanding the key players’ political and economic information. Political information for the key players specifically the system of government, recent development, foreign ;policy and bilateral relations information are needed creating the key players competitiveness and future development

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the introduction to packet classification. Problems for packet classification, objectives to overcome the problem involved in packet classification, motivation to do the project on packet classification and also the organization of the project. The development of the internet grows for every year, because of the easy access of the internet. The gain of the internet can be obtained through the smartphones, netbooks, notebooks. For processing the packets, network processor is used, and it will carry out the tasks as to convert the packets into fragments, reassembling these fragments, forwarding, encryption and packet classification. Due to increased line rates, pressure is increased on line rates and it in turn pressure on network processor. The pressure can be relieved in two ways: By inserting more processing cores and it increases power consumption. Increasing the clock speed, but it creates difficulty due to the physical limitation in the silicon. So that it can be relieved in two different ways: Insert the clock gating, which reduces the power consumption. Insert the buffer, to form the pipelining and it also increases the speed. 1.1  PROBLEM DEFINITION Network processors are getting more strain, due to more use of internet and the strain needs to be reduce. To give the security for the network packets. To minimize the power required for packet classification. To achieve high speed and also high throughput for packet classification. 1.2  OBJECTIVES Understood the concept of hypercut algorithm for packet classification and also analyzed the flow chart for packet classification. Understood the verilog code and Xilinx tool. Wrote the verilog code for hypercut algorithm. The simulation results for hypercut algorithm is verified in Xilinx tool. Clock gating circuit is inserted in the architecture of the classifier, it reduces the power consumption. Pipelining concept is used in proposed architecture of the classifier and the simulation results are verified in Xilinx. 1.3  MOTIVATION The network traffic is doubling for each six to nine months. Also traditional algorithms are not supporting the increasing network traffic on core and edge devices. Large number of rulesets: Due to increased access of the network, the more services need to be implement in network device, so that more number of rules are needed. It creates the difficulty for classifying the packets. Flexibility: Traditional algorithms are particularly designed for IPV4, so that novel solutions are required to manage both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses. Scalability: As the network services are increasing, there is requirement to add or delete the rules. So that, good scalability is required for packet classification. 1.4  Organization of the thesis The thesis contains 6 chapters Chapter 1, it will covers the introduction of packet classification, problems involved in packet classification, objective to the packet classification and motivation for choosing the packet classification. Chapter 2, it will covers the basics of existing packet classification and also the basics of proposed packet classification. Chapter 3, it will covers the method used to do the packet classification, proposed architecture and also it tells how proposed architecture is better compared to previous algorithms. Chapter 4, it discusses the simulation the simulation results obtained for existing and proposed architecture of the classifier. Chapter 5, it covers the conclusion and future scope of the project. Chapter 6, It lists the reference papers used for literature review of the packet classification. Chapter 2 BASICS It covers the basics of packet classification. It also explains the structure of packet header, brief introduction to internet, the mode of information transmission through the internet, OSI layers, the type of matching, software and hardware implementation of packet classification , Clock gating and pipelining are also discussed. It also covers the review of different packet classification algorithms, by reading this the user can select the algorithm, which is best suit for his application. The internet is a global system. It is consists of inter connected computer networks, which uses the protocols(TCP/IP), to match several billion devices all over the world. It is also termed as networks of network. Access of internet is a process of connecting mobile devices, computers and computer terminals to the internet. Internet access will enables the users to access the internet services such as email and world wide web. Using various technologies, internet service providers will access the internet. A packet is a formatted unit of data, which is carried by the packet switched network. By formatting of the data, the bandwidth of communication medium can be increased. The structure of the packet contains the two varieties of data Control information User data 2.1  Control information This will provide the information, on where to send the data. Example, It provides the source and destination IP addresses, sequencing information and error codes. Fig 2.1 shows the structure of the packet Fig 2.1 structure of the packet 2.2  Payload The maximum size of the packet is 64 K bytes. The payload of the packet is variable. Example IPV4 typically adds the 20 bytes of payload to every packet. The packet is passed through the network using three devices such as hub, switch and router. 2.3  The modes of information transmission through the internet 2.3.1  Hub Hub is a central device, for which all other devices are connected. It is called the star system. It is very simple, when any device sends the data, it will send the data to all other devices and all other devices needs to decide whether the data is belonging to them, if it is not belonging to them, they will ignore it. It will present in physical layer. Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub. . Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub 2.3.2  Switch The switch is smarter compared to hub. First it creates the table, which records the IP/MAC addresses of the devices(PC’s) connected together. At the start, when any device sends the data, that time switch will not be knowing the destination IP addresses. So it will forwards the packets to all other devices, which are connected to it and it also records the IP address of the device. Next when packet belonging to those destination IP addresses comes, it will directly forward the packets to destination devices It is present in data link layer of OSI layer. Fig 2.3.2 shows the structure of the switch. 2.3.3  Router It is the smartest device compared to hub and switch. The router will record the address of all the devices which are connected to it. The router will read the information present in packet header and it will decide , where the packet needs to be sent and how to process the packet. It provides the security. While in hub, switch the destination IP address is known, hacker may hack the destination device, it will consider both destination and source IP address of the devices and it will decide whether the source device is hacker or not. If it is hacker, it will deny the packet. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. 2.4 OSI LAYERS It consist of seven layer Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer The Fig 2.4 for OSI model is shown below as Fig 2.4 OSI layers Application layer: This layer will provide the interface to application programmes. Presentation layer: In this layer , it converts the data from system specific format to the format which is suitable for application. It also provides encryption and compression. Session layer: Which facilitates the starting, managing and ending of connection between the two nodes. Ex: For a video session, it will synchronize the related stream of data such as audio and video. Transport layer: It will break the data into segments It will decide about how much information can be sent to email server and how much information can be received back. The responsibility of transport layer are: Reliability Flow control Fragmentation Network layer: Here the segments are broken into packets by adding the source and destination IP address to them. Next the packets are sent to data link layer. Here router is working in this layer. Data link layer: In this layer, the packets are broken into the frames, which are created for the specific network. The frames are assigned the address of two nodes, the data is moving in between. Physical layer: The frames given by the data link layer are converted into bits in physical medium. UDP: User datagram protocol It is light weight and connectionless. Advantages: The packet size is small. UDP header- 8 bytes TCP header- 20 bytes There is no requirement to create and maintain the connection. It has more control over the data Disadvantages: It does not provide error recovery. It does not compensate for lost data packets. Packets can arrive at out of order, so that data loses meaning. There is no control of congestion. Transmission control Protocol: It is reliable and connection based. Advantages: It delivers the acknowledgements. It provides retransmission. It provides in order delivery. It will delays the transmission when the network is busy. It provides error recovery. Disadvantages: It has bigger header. It doesn’t always get sent out quickly. It is the side effect of congestion. It has bigger overhead. UDP is message oriented It sends the data in distinct chunks. Ex: Email. For multimedia applications, UDP is used, because of these reasons as: It has less overhead. Data loss can be masked. UDP is used in small transmission. It is also used in bandwidth intensive applications, that tolerate packet loss. TCP is stream oriented It can be used in continuous flow of data. Ex: Phone conversation. For text communication, TCP is better. Ex: File transfers, Remote access. TCP is used when delivery acknowledgement are needed. In physical layer, information is transmitted in bit stream using hub. In data link layer information is transmitted in frames using switches. In network layer information is transmitted in packets using router. A router is a device that forwards the packet. A router is connected between two networks namely LAN’s or WAN’s. network processors are specialized CPU, which is optimized to support the implementation of network protocols at maximum speed. The function of network processor is to carry out the tasks such as packet separation, reassembly, encryption and classification. Packet classification is the process of categorizing the packets into flows in internet router. Packet will be classified in network layer. Packet has five fields as shown in fig Source IP address: It indicates the IP address of the sender . Destination IP address: It indicates the IP address of the destination. Source port: It indicates the port number of sender. Destination port: It indicates the port number of destination. Protocol: Which specifies the type of transport packet being carried. The incoming packet to router will matches the specific rule if the distinct field in the packet will match corresponding field in the rule. There are three matches Exact match: The values present in rule field header are same as the values present in packet header. Prefix match: The values of rule field header are prefix for header fields of the packet. Range match: The packet header field values must be lie in the range which is specified by the rule. 2.5  The types of packet classification algorithms Packet classification algorithm can be implemented in two major types Software based Hardware based 2.5.1  Software Implementation This can be used with general purpose processor and network processor. The software based algorithm can be divided into two types as Field dependent Algorithm Field independent Algorithm Field Independent Algorithm: For each field in the rule, these algorithms will build the index table separately. Ex: RFC Field dependent Algorithm: In these algorithm, the fields of the rule will be matched in dependent manner and there is no need to group the result in final stage. The memory requirement for these algorithms is less than field independent algorithms. Ex: Hypercut, Hicut 2.5.2  Hardware based implementation This is used with ASIC or with FPGA. This implementation is used with internet routers for the high speed that supports to handle the packet. The reasons to use software implementation Programmability: ASIC architectures has small Programming capacity, Because ASICs have special design. Special chips: To accelerate the packet processing speed, special chips called TCAMS are used. The proposed algorithm uses clock gating circuit to reduce power consumption and pipelining to increase the speed. 2.6  Clock gating Clock gating is a technique, which is used in synchronous circuits to minimize the power consumption. This technique is used to prune the clock, it disables the port of the circuitary, so that flip flops present in the circuitry will not switch the states. When switching is absent, the dynamic power consumption is reduced, but the leakage currents are present. Clock gating works by taking the enable signal of the circuitry, so that flip flops or devices present in latches will not switch the states, so that switching power reduces. So it is necessary to have enable conditions in order to get benefit from clock gating. The clock gating saves the power. Clock gating can be added in two ways: By writing the RTL code, the synthesis tool automatically translates the RTL code into clock gating logic. In order to gate the clock of specific modules or registers manually clock gating circuit can be inserted by instantiating library the specific ICG cells. Using automated the clock gating tools, clock gating is inserted in semi automatic fashion. These tools will insert ICG cells to RTL code or directly add the enable conditions to RTL code. 2.7  Pipelining It is group of data processing elements, which are connected in series, so that output of one element is the input to next element. We build a pipeline by dividing the complex operation into simple operation. Here instead of taking bulk thing and executing it, the bulk thing is break up into smaller pieces and process it one after another. For example Consider a calculation c= log(|a+b|), which consist of three operations, which are shown in fig 2.7. Fig 2.7 Pipelining example Add a and b to get a+b, it takes 40ns. Take the magnitude, we get as |a+b|, it takes 35 ns. Take the log we get as log(|a+b|), it takes 60ns. Consider a situation when we need to carry out for 100 such pairs. Without pipelining , it would take a total of 100*135= 13500ns. By realization, it is found that it is whole sequential process. Let the values evaluated to be a1 to a100 and we need to add values to be b1 to b100. In first evaluation, ( a1+b1)is calculated, In next evaluation, |a1+b1|,(a2+b2) is calculated, in third evaluation log|a1+b1|,|a2+b2|, ( a3+b3) is evaluated. After the first output data that is log|(a1+b1)|, the subsequent outputs are log|(a2+b2)|, log|(a3+ b3)| will now start arriving at a gap of 60ns . All the 100 inputs can be applied in 199*60=5940ns and the total time taken to evaluate 100 data will be 5940+180= 6120ns. This time is half compared without pipelining. This process of evaluation is called pipelinlng. 2.8 Literature review Algorithms are classified in 4 classes: Basic structures Geometry based Heuristics Hardware based 2.8.1  Basic structures a. Linear search: This algorithm[1], is very simple. It contains all the rules. Here each packet is matched opposite to all the rules until the corresponding fields of the packet should match to the rule. Although, it is simple, it is not widely used. Because, it takes the large time for matching with the rule. Consider N is the number of rules, â€Å"the worst case space and time complexity is O(N),where O is the order and N is the number of rules. Fig below shows the linear structure. Fig 2.8.1.a Linear search algorithm b. Hierarchial trie: It is an extension part of the binary trie. By using the individual bits of the search key, the branches of the trie can be traversed. In the d dimensional hierarchial trie[2], first bulid the one dimensional hierarchial trie which is called F1 trie. Foe each prefix P in the F1 trie, there is a recursively (d-1) dimensional hierarchial tries are present(Tp). For example, if the data structure is 2 dimensional the only one F1 trie is present. Hierarchial tries are also termed as multilevel tries or backtracking tries or tries of trie. Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society What do the portrayals of women in Japanese animation reveal about the role of women in Japanese society today? The role of women in Japanese culture is an important topic amongst when discussing contemporary Japan. While it is important to consider traditional methods of analysis that come from statistics and surveys, you also need to look at how popular culture defines the modern Japanese woman. Japanese animation can provide a tool to analysis of the role of women in Japanese society. Through looking at women and they are portrayed in Japanese animation over the decade, we can begin to see the role of women in contemporary Japanese society. The purpose of this discussion is to determine a connection between Japanese animation (a form of popular culture) and the role of women (whether this role is shifting or remaining conservative) in contemporary Japanese society. In order to understand the link between Japanese animation and society, it is important to consider the meaning of these terms and how they relate to each other. Martinez defines popular culture as the culture of the masses; which does apply to the Japanese culture. Nevertheless, other opinions raise the point to how popular culture is a problematic term when translating it into the Japanese context. According to Hidetoshi Kato, a Japanese scholar, the term popular culture as taishu bunka; translates into mass culture. However, Martinezs definition is a middle of the road definition for the terms offered by Kato. In addition, Martinez defines the anthropology of popular culture as the study of the interaction between the apparently separate realms of the material and the symbolic. Other anthropologist such as Roger Buckley agrees with Martinez, stating that popular culture should tell us something about contemporary Japanese behavior. The images presented by Japanese animation including its related cousin, manga, or Japanese comics have helped shape the identity of modern Japanese women. Japanese animation, or anime, is useful when studying the role of women in society. Popular culture serves to reflect and instigate change in Japanese society, by observing the changes and themes in anime, these trends are identifiable. Popular culture also helps one to understand the dynamics of Japanese society and culture. While the behaviors identified are not Japanese, such as conformity, loyalty and deference8, there are certain subtle undertones that make themes and characters that make them Japanese. Lastly, Japanese animation industry caters for both sexes across a wide age group. This is important, because unlike the animation industry in the United States whereupon childrens programming is largely aimed at young boys. Japanese animation makes it possible to gain an insight into the role of women in society because both sexes views are represented. This provides a foundation for observing how the role of women in Japanese society can be studied through examining their role in Japanese animation. Japanese animation is interesting to study when observing the roles of gender because of the way it written for diverse tastes and it differs from Western animation. Anime has often been described as edgy, provocative, and documentary-like; these industry buzzwords describe anime as a different expression of animation, when it is not. In reality, the Japanese have embraced animation as an expression that goes beyond the standard set by Disney. Anime includes animation catered for all age groups. Anime content ranges from superb works to trashy soap operas or pornography; however, they play an important role in Japans popular culture by providing a legacy of past ideals. Respected writer Frederik Schodt has split the anime available into two distinct halves as defined by the gender, Boys comic [shonen] anime carefully balance suspense with humor, dramatic stories of sports, adventure, ghosts, science fiction, and school life. Girls comic anime [shojo] also strive for balance but are distinguished by their tales of idealized love. Given the range to choose from, it is important to analyze a number of sources to see how anime reflects the position of women in Japanese society, but to examine them with an open mind. Reaction to anime has been filled with distaste. Film critics have both embraced and criticized Japanese animation. Mamorum Oshiis theatrical adaption of Shirow Masamunes Ghost in the Shell, regarded as a movie that questions what it is that makes us human by many, has been lauded as a spectacular-looking Japanese animated film, but like so many of its kind, involves a confusing narrative and peculiar metaphysics that reduce interest16. To avoid generalizations it is important to look at works from a several genres to how anime portrays Japanese women in society. To observe the role of women as portrayed in anime with a female-specific target audience, Komodo no Omocha (1996) will be used to analyzed. To see how women are being represented in anime that is targeted at a male demographic, Dragon Ball Z (199?) will form the basis of analysis. Finally, a recent work from Japans most respected and successful animation studio today, Studio Ghibli, will be analyzed Mononoke Hime (1997). The importance of studying Studio Ghiblis work is to see how women are portrayed by an animation studio whose works reach a very wide audience, that typically cross the gender and age boundaries. While this analysis will not prove to be the final answer, it will prove an interesting investigation when considering what images of femininity have been projected onto Japanese society over the past decade. Kodomo no Omocha was a popular series that aired on Japanese television in the mid 1990 is, compared to many shojo anime, Kodomo no Omocha is radical, though it is by far not the only one. The story is a comedy fused with typical shojo elements love interests, and pretty artwork. The female lead is a young girl named Sana, who lives with her eccentric, but loving, mother and Rei, her personal manager. Unlike other female characters that will be analyzed, Sana is loud, outspoken and is not intimidated by anyone. She is works hard to do her best at her job (she is a famous star of a childrens TV program), friends and family. While she exhibits traditionally female qualities, she is not the stereotypical wholly subservient female character. Even though she is only a child, she stresses the importance of her job. Her mother is another strong female role within the anime. She is intelligent, in control and the men are more likely to be subservient to her than anything else is. Other fema les in the show lean towards conservative Japan, such as when Sanas female teacher cries and runs to another male teacher for assistance whenever the class acts up. The male characters are traditionally empowered, though like many a shojo anime, have soft sides to their personalities. The depiction of the two main female characters, Sana and her mother, offer an insight into the modern Japanese woman as having the capacity to be strong, yet gentle and compassionate. Dragon Ball Z offers an interesting insight into the portrayal of women in anime aimed at a male demographic. The reason this is an interesting series to look at is its popularity and the way it portrays gender roles. Women are portrayed in few roles in this anime. The female roles are dismally backwards. Dragon Ball Z has portrayed the role of women as subservient/secondary at their core. It has pointed out that fundamental beliefs about gender roles are difficult to change in any society, including Japans, The show is very male-centric, emphasizing strength, discipline and hard work as the key to being successful in the world. On the other hand, this is a martial arts anime, so this should not be a surprising aspect. One of the women who appear regularly is the protagonists female friend Bulma, an intelligent scientist. Bulma is a gifted inventor and often creates something that will aid her group of friends in whatever plight they are in. Bulma is portrayed as a confident, intelli gent woman who, while not of equal status, remains an important part of the team. However, when she is put in a position of danger, she falls into the damsel in distress stereotype all too common in male-orientated anime. She is rescued one way or another, but is often the least of the groups priorities she is often rescued as an after-thought, as opposed to being a genuine critical concern. This is a good example of what Eri Izawa determines as the Unequal Relationship genre, where women are second to men in a world dominated by patriarchy. Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata founded studio Ghibli in 1985. The importance with studying work by Studio Ghibli is because their productions (which are theatrical) have such widespread appeal in Japanese society. A large number of Japans populace sees the stories that are created here. The films cross the divides of age and gender. The movie that is I am looking at is Mononoke Hime. It grossed approximately US$150 million at the box office, beaten only by Titanic. In Mononoke Hime, the story centers on three principle characters San, the Wolf Princess, Lady Eboshi and prince Ashitaka, the pillar between which these two women are placed. One of interesting strengths of this film is the way in which the opposing characters, San and Lady Eboshi, are portrayed. Both are strong, powerful women, sure of themselves and their world. Lady Eboshi is a superlative example of the new woman of Japan. She is in charge of a profitable ironworks that employs people regarded as beneath society (prostitutes and lepers), leading by compassion, returning dignity and purpose to their lives. San is the other extreme; she lives in the forest of the Deer God, raised by the great wolf gods who dwell there. San is a strong female character who follows a more natural way of life; as opposed to the entrepreneurial mindset of Lady Eboshi, San is dedicated to preserving the forest and the creatures that dwell within. Miyazaki is portraying the capacity of women to be strong, competent and successful. San represents the capacity of women to be strong in the dwelling of the traditional while Lady Eboshi is an example of how women can be successful and entrepreneurial in the face of modernization. From three examples, it is easy to see these reflections on the role of women are present in contemporary Japanese society. Martinez admits that it is difficult to discover what the true role of Japanese women in Japanese society are in a perceived country where men are still dominant [and] Japanese women are held to be gentle, submissive and beautiful. Historically, Japanese womens suffrage was achieved in 1945 and it is noted that while Japanese women may be able to find jobs, it is far more difficult to find careers, even today. However, public opinion is changing. There is clear that the role of women in Japan is no longer the traditional housewife/mother. Surveys by the Prime Ministers Office in 1987 and 1995 show a shift in public opinion of women, while in 1987 over 50% of the men surveyed agreed with the traditional role of women in Japan, by 1995 the percentage had dropped to 33%. The state of Japanese animation over the past decade reveals a relative parallel between the co ntent of Japanese animation and these results. The role of women in anime such as Kodomo no Omocha gives girls a role model unlike the traditionally submissive, quiet woman in the face of Sanas eccentric, enthusiastic nature that is rewarded by success. Studio Ghiblis films have portrayed women as equal, confident and able to take charge in their lives. Anime aimed at boys retain the portrayal of women as bystanders, whether it be the token damsel in distress or cheerleader. However, that is changing; Japanese animation aimed at the boys has begun to portray women beyond this traditional stereotype. Several productions such as Ranma 1/2 and Love Hina offered a cast of characters that serve to put women on equal ground as men in some cases, though there is still the re-enforcement of traditional gender roles. Japanese animation is an established form of pop culture. It is consumed by both sexes and across all age groups, and offers a series of representations of women. While it has become apparent through observing trends in Japanese animation and contemporary Japanese society is an apparent shift, however, it is important to identify that the traditional role of women will probably always manifest itself in pop culture. This is because the traditional role of women is an option, just as choosing a career or being entrepreneurial are choices. What is encouraging to see is that those choices are being represented, either directly or indirectly, in anime. It speaks well for the future of Japanese society as alternative roles of women are being portrayed for both sexes in the culture of the masses. Reference: Martinez, D.P. (1998). The Worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries [UK, Cambridge UP, p. 3]. Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Some Thoughts on Japanese popular culture. Richard Gid Powers Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Handbook of Japanese popular culture. Greenwood Press. Buckley, R. (1990). Japan today. Cambridge: UP. Schodt, F.L. (1983). Manga! manga! the world of japanese comics. USA: Kodansha. Izawa, E. (2001). Japanese manga and animation: gender relations in manga and anime. Retrieved from http://www.uncc.edu/~medmoto/3209/anime/gender.html (abridged) Robertson, J. (1998). Takarazuka: sexual politics and popular culture in modern japan. University of California. Dimensions of Japanese society: gender, margins and mainstream. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd.

Workplace Literacy and Effective Communication Essay -- Literacy Essays

Recently, there has been a poorly written communication in the workplace, which has led to some hurt feelings, lower morale and possible loss of business. As a corporation, we have worked very hard to maintain the synergy thoughout our work environment. These latest events are starting to compromise multiple aspects of our company. First, we are loosing control and perspective of our colleagues. Camaraderie and atmosphere are suffering, placing us in jeopardy of destroying our active policies and their integrity. We must also be careful not to take these events lightly, jeopardizing our nucleus and strong core structure of talented workers. Workplace literacy and effective communication have long been increasingly important skills demanding continuous attention, monitoring, and education. Therefore, the objectives are to present a solution for company-sponsored workshops to improve workers’ writing skills. Workplace literacy involves instruction in basic skills of reading, writing, or mathematics, and the application of these skills to areas such as communication, teamwork, and problem solving (Smith, 2000, p. 378). The workplace is a very competitive environment and the key to competitiveness will be gaining, transforming, and generating knowledge, which can be useful for the employee and employer alike. There are many reasons and justifications for effective communication, but these can best be described by singling out a few common points that will enlighten us to the need for this higher communicative education. According to Office Team 2000, a leading staffing service, while intellectual challenges and opportunities will motivate workers, such skills as writing and speaking well, the display of proper etiquette, and listening attentively will probably determine their career success. HR Focus Magazine (1999) performed a survey which revealed that workers will have to learn to communicate more effectively and articulately. Through technological advancements, their people skills will be showcased and tested, and those workers lacking in these areas will have their shortcomings exposed. Likewise, it is mentioned that pervasiveness of both audio and video teleconferencing will also reveal the caliber of one’s verbal strengths. This leads us next to professional craftsmanship and the justification for which every good employee is obligated for it. W. Bri... ...racy...† (cited in Smith, Mikulecky, Kibby, Dreher, Dole, 2000, p. 378). High literacy will involve the mastering of lower level processing skills. This will include self-monitoring one’s thinking, understanding of ideas and beliefs, diversity on multiple issues, working in teams, and synthesizing new ideas. Fred Talbott makes mention in The Salt Lake Tribune (2000); â€Å"...writing does not have to be staid†. References Anonymous. HR Focus. The challenges facing workers in the future. New York, Aug   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. Vol. 76. Lss.8: pg. 6, 1pgs. Brinkman, G., & M van der Geest, T. (2003). Assessment of communication in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  engineering design. Technical Communication Quarterly, Vol. 12(1), 67. Smith, M., Mikulecky L., Kibby M., Dreher, M., and Dole, J. (2000). What will be the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  demands on literacy in the workplace in the next millennium? Reading Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarterly, Vol. 35(3), 378-383. Tyler, K. (2003, Mar.). Toning up communications. HR Magazine, 48(3), 87-89. Writing well can help in the workplace. (2000, Apr.9). The Salt Lake City Tribune, p. E3

A Case Against Slavery & Uncle Tom’s Cabin Essay

HB Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a powerfully evocative condemnation of slavery, and was famous in its own time. While many held that Stowe herself knew nothing about slavery or southern life, having never seen southern plantation life, it had its intended effect regardless: to stir up anti-slavery sentiment in the north, and to a lesser extent, in the South. Chapter VII is called â€Å"A Mother’s Struggle,† and it brings together many of the themes that dominate this book. First, the centrality of motherhood and the invincible power of a mother that is soon to be separated from her only son leads the action of this work. Second, the dominance of the Protestant Christian faith, a faith that serves to both assist slaves in tolerating their condition as well as providing them the strength to escape is the engine of the action. Since God is on the side of those who oppose slavery, ultimately, their struggle will emerge victorious and hence, the strength to persevere is present. Hence, this chapter is a central part of the work as it synthesizes the main themes of the book in rather stark terms, since this chapter is really the first â€Å"action† chapter of the book, that is, it is the beginnings of Eliza’s escape from her bondage and traces her moves northward to the Ohio river. The first real issue that drives Eliza to escape is the fact that she and her son are possibly to be sold. The Shelby family that owns them seeks to sell several slaves to pay off debts, and Eliza, who is not poorly treated by her mistress, Mrs. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Shelby, will not be separated from her only son (1-2). Here, the institution of slavery is shown in its worst aspect: the breaking up of families in the interest of the financial solvency of their masters. It was debated how often this was actually done, but this first few pages show the slave owning Shelby family as more or less humane, but forced due to circumstances to part with slaves, slaves, like Tom himself, who has befriended the son of the Shelby family. But stronger than all was maternal love, wrought into a paroxysm of frenzy by the near approach of a fearful danger. Her boy was old enough to have walked by her side, and, in an indifferent case, she would only have led him by the hand; but now the bare thought of putting him out of her arms made her shudder, and she strained him to her bosom with a convulsive grasp, as she went rapidly forward (1). This passage is an important part of the introduction to this chapter in that it places maternal power at the center of the war against slavery. It is this fear mixed with love that will keep Eliza moving forward. â€Å"Sublime is the dominion of the mind over the body, that, for a time, can make flesh and nerve impregnable, and string the sinews like steel, so that the weak become so mighty. † It is love, ths power of mind, the love for her son that keeps her moving forward, rather to face death, freezing, or torture if caught rather than be apart from her boy (2). It seems that, as Eliza continues her trek forward, that her body has become completely subsumed under her mind, and her love. Hence, she refuses to eat what she has packed for the trip North, and instead only wants her son to eat (3). But along with the power of a mother’s love, is the power of the belief in God and his Scriptures: â€Å"An hour before sunset, she entered the village of T — — , by the Ohio river, weary and foot-sore, but still strong in heart. Her first glance was at the river, which lay, like Jordan, between her and the Canaan of liberty on the other side. † (4). This passage is telling, in that it provides Old Testament references to the move toward liberty. The move of slaves northward to freedom is likened to the move of Israelites, themselves slaves to the Egyptians, over the Jordan river to the Canaanite valley which God has chosen for his people. For the slave treated harshly and not given even basic freedoms, the move northward was considered the promised land, the land of freedom, regardless of the hardships of slavery: this is the indictment of the institution as a whole. Slaves wold risk everything to avoid the institution, even a more or less comfortable existence that Eliza enjoyed with the Shelby’s. In this chapter, the mood is that if God closes one door, He opens another. So with Eliza gets to the river, the barrier between herself and freedom, it has been largely iced over (5). Given this, the ferry will not run. However, she is briefly taken in by a family connected with the ferry house on her side of the river. The action quickly and awkwardly shifts back to the slave quarters at Mrs. Shelby’s, where the slaves are speaking about the upcoming sale. Speaking of the slave trader, Chloe says, â€Å"He desarves it! † said Aunt Chloe, grimly; â€Å"he’s broke a many, many, many hearts, — I tell ye all! † she said, stopping, with a fork uplifted in her hands; â€Å"it’s like what Mas’r George reads in Ravelations, — souls a callin’ under the altar! and a callin’ on the Lord for vengeance on sich! — and by and by the Lord he’ll hear ’em — so he will! † (7). This is very important, since it is clear that the slaves hold that God is on their side, not the other way around. On the other hand, this point of view is made more ambagious by Uncle Tom’s statement that damming people to Hell is not a very nice thing to do, and that eternal punishment is not a fit crime for selling slaves, which after all, is not eternal (7). This creates a concept of equivocalness where two factions of the slave population have two different points of view: the first, that of Chloe, that slavers are evil and will be punished to Hell, and the more moderate view of Uncle Tom, that slavers are victims of circumstance, who themselves, did not invent this institution. But Aunt Chloe responds, though indirectly to Uncle Tom: â€Å"Don’t natur herself kinder cry out on ’em? † said Aunt Chloe. â€Å"Don’t dey tear der suckin’ baby right off his mother’s breast, and sell him, and der little children as is crying and holding on by her clothes, — don’t dey pull ’em off and sells ’em? Don’t dey tear wife and husband apart? † said Aunt Chloe, beginning to cry, â€Å"when it’s jest takin’ the very life on ’em? — and all the while does they feel one bit, don’t dey drink and smoke, and take it oncommon easy? Lor, if the devil don’t get them, what’s he good for? † And Aunt Chloe covered her face with her checked apron, and began to sob in good earnest. (8) Again, Stowe is making another attack on slavery here, using the splitting up of families as her center line of argument. Since she is dealing with a family that treats their slaves moderately well, she cannot really rely on the physical violence argument so common in anti-slavery polemics. Since motherhood is at the center of this work, it seems that the basic argument against slavery is that since slaves have no freedom, they cannot fight back when their families are taken apart. Hence, Stowe holds that the family, especially the mother, is the institution of society that maintains moral norms and hence, will be the institution that takes slavery apart. If anything, this is the primary case against slavery being made here. Moving back to the action on the Ohio river, Eliza has been spotted by the slave trader, the very focus of evil throughout this book. It must also be pointed out that the trader and his style of life are equally repugnant to the Shelby’s (10). But as far as Liza is concerned, when she is spotted, A thousand lives seemed to be concentrated in that one moment to Eliza. Her room opened by a side door to the river. She caught her child, and sprang down the steps towards it. The trader caught a full glimpse of her just as she was disappearing down the bank; and throwing himself from his horse, and calling loudly on Sam and Andy, he was after her like a hound after a deer. In that dizzy moment her feet to her scarce seemed to touch the ground, and a moment brought her to the water’s edge. Right on behind they came; and, nerved with strength such as God gives only to the desperate, with one wild cry and flying leap, she vaulted sheer over the turbid current by the shore, on to the raft of ice beyond. It was a desperate leap — impossible (14). This passage is worth extended comment. First of all, as God has closed the door of the ferry, he has opened another, more dangerous door, that of skipping over the ice cakes. This seems powerfully symbolic: the ice represents the cold hearts of the slave traders and even the good slave owners. Under intense pressure, the power of family–of motherhood–takes over, what seems impossible is not so, if God is on your side. Slavery, it seems, will be defeated by slave mothers trampling on the cold hearts of the slave owners through material love and devotion to get to freedom. On the other side, Eliza meets a friendly farmer, Mr. Symmes, who assists in her escape. Stowe remarks on page 10, â€Å"So spoke this poor, heathenish Kentuckian, who had not been instructed in his constitutional relations, and consequently was betrayed into acting in a sort of Christianized manner, which, if he had been better situated and more enlightened, he would not have been left to do. † Again, a powerful statement is being made here: since slave owners were normally of the â€Å"gentlemanly† class, that is, the civilized class, civilization is equated with the dominating of slaves. Since poor whites were not slave owners (and treated only little better than the blacks) and were not part of their civilization, they had not â€Å"learned† about the inferiority of blacks and the racial and class hierarchy of the South. Therefore, their lack of civilization is a good thing, since simple common sense seems to dominate over â€Å"civilized manners. † Hence, the hero of the story (or at least of the chapter) is this simple farmer from Kentucky who does not represent civilization, but simple agrarian manners and common sense morality. Hence, in conclusion, Stowe is making several points here. First, that the real evil of slavery is the destruction of the family. If the family is the center of social life in that it is the bearer of tradition and moral values, then its destruction must lead to the beastialization of society. This might explain the evil of the slave traders, since they seem to specialize in breaking up families, and hence, are the very symbol of this beastialization. Second, a mother’s love, coupled with God’s force, will lead the southern slaves to freedom. Third, that freedom must be earned, and this is applicable to slaves and slave owners, both of which have not known freedom. Slave owners are as debased by slavery as the slave, since he is dependent upon them and hence, not free. Lastly, that nothing is impossible with God, and with a love of freedom. This is the case against slavery, in that it crushes all of these impulses, impulses that God as implanted in the human spirit and hence, are part of His creation, now enslaved by others. All quotes above are from the Virginia University edition of Uncle Toms Cabin, Published by the University of Virginia E-Text Center of the University of Virginia Library System. (http://etext. lib. virginia. edu/etcbin/toccer-new2? id=StoCabi. sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=7&division=div1)

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad médica en USA

Visa J-1 para estudiar la especialidad mà ©dica en USA La visa J-1 permite a los mà ©dicos extranjeros graduados en facultades de medicina fuera de Canad y de Estados Unidos estudiar sus residencias o especializaciones en este à ºltimo paà ­s.   Asimismo, esta visa permite a los mà ©dicos de otros paà ­ses ingresar a Estados Unidos para realizar investigacià ³n avanzada en el mbito de la medicina. Es decir, permite adquirir conocimientos clà ­nicos y no clà ­nicos y esta diferenciacià ³n es muy importante como se ver ms adelante en relacià ³n a la regla de los dos aà ±os. Este artà ­culo explica los requisitos fundamentales para participar en este programa de visa J-1 para alien physician. Por ejemplo, quià ©n puede ser patrocinador,   requisitos de certificacià ³n y para solicitar la visa, cambios de especializacià ³n, cà ³mo llevar a la familia y, por à ºltimo, la famosa regla de los dos aà ±os y cundo no aplica o es posible pedir una excepcià ³n. Finalmente, no confundir con el programa distinto de trainee o prcticas  con visa J-1, en el que tambià ©n pueden participar mà ©dicos, ya que las reglas son distintas. Patrocinador de mà ©dicos para la visa J-1 para especialidad o residencia La Comisià ³n Educativa para Graduados Mà ©dicos Extranjeros (ECFMG, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es el à ºnico patrocinador reconocido por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Y es que de entre todas las visas no inmigrante con las que es posible viajar a Estados Unidos, las J-1 de intercambio tienen, entre sus requisitos, la necesidad de contar con un patrocinador, tambià ©n conocido como esponsorizador, que tiene que estar reconocido oficialmente.   Certificacià ³n de los estudios realizados por los mà ©dicos extranjeros Antes de solicitar la visa, la ECFMG tiene que certificar que el mà ©dico extranjero interesado en una visa J-1 est preparado para participar en un programa de especializacià ³n o investigacià ³n en Estados Unidos. El proceso de certificacià ³n es largo y complejo. Entre los requisitos, ser necesario demostrar los conocimientos mà ©dicos y tambià ©n un alto nivel de inglà ©s, tanto oral como escrito, que se mide mediante los resultados obtenidos en un examen conocido como TOEFL. Tambià ©n es imprescindible aprobar una de las siguientes pruebas: Partes I y II del National Board of Medical Examiners Examinationel Foreign Medical Graduate Examination, Step I y Step IIo el Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE) Todas esas pruebas son gestionadas por ECFMG. Requisitos para solicitar la visa J-1 para mà ©dicos subcategorà ­a alien physician Una vez obtenidos el certificado de la ECFMG y otros requisitos, esta organizacià ³n emite un documento conocido como DS-2919.   Tambià ©n es necesario una declaracià ³n por escrito del gobierno del paà ­s en el que reside el mà ©dico extranjero en el que se afirma que hay una necesidad en dicho paà ­s de doctores especializados en la rama que la que se va a buscar la especializacià ³n. Asimismo, se necesita un contrato u oferta de la institucià ³n en la que se ha sido admitido para realizar la especializacià ³n. Los candidatos extranjeros y los ciudadanos estadounidenses que estudiaron Medicina fuera de EEUU son considerados IMGs. Sus oportunidades durante el proceso que se conoce como Match para ligar candidato con institucià ³n acadà ©mica/hospital son generalmente no tan buenas como las de los graduados en facultades de Estados Unidos, por lo que se recomienda venderse agresivamente con los directores de los programas que interesan para levantar cualquier sospecha que pueda recaer sobre la calidad de sus estudios previos. Una vez que se tienen todos los pasos previos completados, ya se puede solicitar la visa J-1, lo cual se hace en là ­nea completando el formulario DS-160. El tiempo de tramitacià ³n depende del consulado o embajada y tambià ©n de las circunstancias personales del solicitante. Como parte de la tramitacià ³n es necesario pagar la cuota, que no se recupera si la visa no es aprobada. Tambià ©n se pasa por una entrevista en el consulado o embajada y en algà ºn momento del proceso, que varà ­a segà ºn la ubicacià ³n, se tomarn las huellas digitales del solicitante y una foto. Como en todo tipo de visas no inmigrante, las razones por las que puede haber un rechazo de la negacià ³n son muchas, distinguià ©ndose causas que convierten a una persona en inelegible y aquellas que lo convierten en inadmisible.   Si bien en la mayorà ­a de los casos el problema puede surgir porque el candidato no demuestra suficientemente que su intencià ³n no es quedarse en Estados Unidos. Es muy importante poder probar que se va a regresar al paà ­s de origen. Aunque no hay reglas expresas sobre quà © documentos utilizar, es de gran ayuda seguir las reglas generales que se utilizan para este fin cuando se solicita una visa de turista. Visas para familiares para mà ©dicos realizando la residencia en Estados Unidos El cà ³nyuge del solicitante de la visa J-1 y sus hijos solteros que son menores de 21 aà ±os pueden acompaà ±ar al mà ©dico a Estados Unidos. Su visa es una J-2, de dependiente. Para poder solicitarla es necesario solicitar a ECFMG que extienda el patrocinio a estos familiares. Trabajar en Estados Unidos   La finalidad del mà ©dico es especializarse. Para ello obviamente debe realizar prcticas en su campo, por las que ser compensado econà ³micamente. Sin embargo, lo que no puede hacer y est estrictamente prohibido es trabajar fuera del programa. Hacer tal cosa es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede provocar la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Cambios de especialidad mà ©dica Si el mà ©dico con una visa J-1 inicia una especializacià ³n y cambia de parecer y decide que prefiera otra, puede tramitar un cambio de la misma siempre y cuando todavà ­a no tenga completado el segundo aà ±o de la especializacià ³n.   Una vez iniciado el tercer aà ±o ya no es posible ese tipo de cambios. La regla de los dos aà ±os de permanencia fuera de EEUU En principio, los mà ©dicos que participan en un programa J-1 dentro de la categorà ­a de alien physician deben salir de Estados Unidos por dos aà ±os y residir en otro paà ­s durante ese tiempo. Esto NO quiere decir que no puedan viajar a USA   como turistas, quiere decir que no pueden obtener una visa de trabajo de la familia H o de la L o una green card. Esto afecta incluso a las personas casadas de buena fe con un ciudadano americano. En principio, les aplica esa regla. Pero hay excepciones. Por ejemplo, no aplica a los mà ©dicos cuya labor en los Estados Unidos fuera de investigacià ³n, observacià ³n o enseà ±anza y no tuvieran un contacto directo con pacientes. Adems, es posible pedir un permiso conocido como waiver para que no aplica esa regla. Requisitos para la waiver de los dos aà ±os Son 4 las posibilidades para pedir la waiver a la regla de residir dos aà ±os fuera de Estados Unidos al finalizar este programa: Que el Departamento de Salud de uno de los estados solicite una waiver a nombre de un mà ©dico determinado. Hay un mximo de 30 por estado por aà ±o fiscal. Es lo que se conoce como el programa Conrad 30 waiver.Que una agencia del gobierno solicite la waiver.Que se dà © la circunstancia de que si el mà ©dico retornase a su paà ­s de origen que pudiera ser perseguido por razà ³n de su raza, religià ³n u opiniones polà ­ticas.Que estuviera casado con una persona ciudadana americana o residente permanente legal o que tuviera hijos con esos estatus y si el mà ©dico o la doctora tuviera que salir de Estados Unidos se producirà ­a una situacià ³n de extrema dureza para el familiar ciudadano o residente. Opciones para trabajar en USA como mà ©dico al finalizar la especializacià ³n   Tras finalizar el programa y cumplir la regla de los dos aà ±os, si se est obligado a cumplirla, -recordar que los mà ©dicos no clà ­nicos no estn sujetos a ella-, se puede obtener una visa de inmigrante (green card) o una de trabajo. Los mà ©dicos pueden visas L-1 de transfer o H-1B para profesionales. En cuanto a las green card, existen varios caminos para obtenerlos, incluidas las de por razà ³n de trabajo incluyendo la categorà ­a de extranjero de habilidad extraordinaria y la de residencia con waiver por razà ³n de interà ©s nacional. Tener en cuenta que en estos momentos est paralizada la opcià ³n que permità ­a a los doctores interesados en prestar servicio en el Ejà ©rcito a travà ©s del programa  Mavni, que abrà ­a las puertas a la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a de un modo inmediato. Finalmente, los mà ©dicos se encuentran entre los profesionales mejor pagados de Estados Unidos, si bien hay notable diferencia segà ºn la especialidad, aà ±os de prctica e, incluso, ubicacià ³n. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Free Essays on Business Proposal

Proposal to the Women’s Business Development Association - Opportunity for Disadvantaged Women to Receive Free Computer Skills Training and Career Development Services Problem Many disadvantaged women do not have access to and/or funds for professional services and computer skills training in their neighborhoods. Typical barriers to empowerment include special needs, childcare needs, and language proficiency. Recommended Solution Create WiredWomen of Fort Lauderdale This program will provide support for access to computers, technology, and technology-based educational learning activities for women in low-income communities who otherwise would lack that access to computers and information technology. Individuals under this program will receive career development and job preparation, such as computer skills training (basic and advanced), resume writing workshops, and access to databases of employment opportunities, career information, education/degree opportunities and other online materials. WiredWomen will initially receive referrals from Family Central, a local non-profit organization that services low-income, single-parent families. Organization Goals A recent GAO report (Telecommunications: Characteristics and Choices of Internet Users, February 2001) and a series of U.S. Department of Commerce studies (Falling Through the Net, 1995, 1999, 2000) on Americans’ access and use of technology show that although more Americans now own computers, low-income households are still far less likely to own computers and know how to use advanced technology. The mission of WiredWomen of Fort Lauderdale is to empower disadvantaged women in the field of computer technology. GOAL 1: INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT – provide career development and job preparation resources in small groups (10-15 women per class) Objective 1: provide computer skills training classes at beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels (e.g., Introduction... Free Essays on Business Proposal Free Essays on Business Proposal Proposal to the Women’s Business Development Association - Opportunity for Disadvantaged Women to Receive Free Computer Skills Training and Career Development Services Problem Many disadvantaged women do not have access to and/or funds for professional services and computer skills training in their neighborhoods. Typical barriers to empowerment include special needs, childcare needs, and language proficiency. Recommended Solution Create WiredWomen of Fort Lauderdale This program will provide support for access to computers, technology, and technology-based educational learning activities for women in low-income communities who otherwise would lack that access to computers and information technology. Individuals under this program will receive career development and job preparation, such as computer skills training (basic and advanced), resume writing workshops, and access to databases of employment opportunities, career information, education/degree opportunities and other online materials. WiredWomen will initially receive referrals from Family Central, a local non-profit organization that services low-income, single-parent families. Organization Goals A recent GAO report (Telecommunications: Characteristics and Choices of Internet Users, February 2001) and a series of U.S. Department of Commerce studies (Falling Through the Net, 1995, 1999, 2000) on Americans’ access and use of technology show that although more Americans now own computers, low-income households are still far less likely to own computers and know how to use advanced technology. The mission of WiredWomen of Fort Lauderdale is to empower disadvantaged women in the field of computer technology. GOAL 1: INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT – provide career development and job preparation resources in small groups (10-15 women per class) Objective 1: provide computer skills training classes at beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels (e.g., Introduction...

Economics as a collection of analytical tools - concepts of Essay

Economics as a collection of analytical tools - concepts of rationality, opportunity cost, comparative advantage and the margin - Essay Example 87) B. Venkatesh says that "rationality in economics is to do with greed! People are called rational if they desire to improve their economic well-being. That is, they want more wealth, and they want it sooner than later. Thus, if you are offered Rs 1 lakh, and you refuse it, you may be deemed irrational by the economists". (Venkatesh, 1990, p.2) Count the following decision problem. A consumer must choose between 2 actions, videlicet, A and B. She/he acquires 10 dollars from action A and 5 dollars from action B. On the supposition that the consumer prefers more money to less one, he is rational if he chooses action A; a consumer choosing action B is irrational. In the context of this mere example, the rationality concept is trivial, partly because there is no ambiguity in the decision problem (i.e., the set of probable actions and the payback from each action are clear with certainty). Nevertheless, in the context of examples with uncertainty, the concept of rationality is by no means trivial. For instance, consider the following modification to the decision problem stated earlier. If the consumer selects action B, then a fair coin is tossed, and if he is lucky and heads turned up then the consumer gets 15 dollars, and if tails turned up then he gets 5 dollars. In this much more complicated decision problem, it is not clear whether it is as yet rational for the person to choose action A. Opportunity cost is an economical term that means the cost of something in terms of an opportunity foreseen and the benefits that could be obtained from that opportunity, or also understood as the most valuable foreseen alternative. The opportunity cost concept is used in CBA to adjust a dollar value on the inputs necessary to execute policies. The opportunity cost of using an input to execute the policy is its value in the best alternative usage. It assesses the value of what people should forgo to use the input for the policy fulfillment. For instance, if a city wants to construct a hospital on available land it owns, the opportunity cost is another possibility that might have been used with the land and funds for construction instead. Having built the hospital, the city has lost the opportunity to construct a sports centre on that place, or the opportunity to sell that piece of land to decrease the city's debts, and so forth. Simply said, the opportunity cost of spending a Friday night having fun could be the sum of money you could have made if you had spent that time in labor. Opportunity cost is not determined in monetary terms, but in terms of anything that constitutes value for the person or persons carrying out the assessment. The use of the opportunity cost concept seeks for the latent cost of each and every separate economic decision. Incompetence in the economic concept of opportunity cost has induced general economic mistakes, like "the broken window fallacy" reported by Frederic Bastiat. According to Frederic Bastiat, it is not possible to have everything promoted at the expense of everything else. This calls up his well-known definition describing the state, "the great fictitious entity by which everyone seeks to live at the expense of everyone else" (Bastiat, 1975, p.144). A. Smith says "If among a nation of hunters, for

EU Crisis and its consequences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

EU Crisis and its consequences - Essay Example The paper tells that the European crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has led to involvement of third parties to help in the situation. The crisis began in 2009 with increased fears from investors attributed to by the rising government debt levels around the world. This was followed by an era of downgrading of government debt in a couple of European states. The issue became worse in 2010 leading to actions of rescue. Meetings have been held by the leaders in the project to come up with possible solutions. In projects, leadership should play a key role and this is the case with the European Union however other factors let it down. According to Olsson, there are different things that the leaders have been agreeing on for instance creation of a common fiscal union and balanced budget management in each state. In an issue like this one, it becomes necessary to look at the causes of the same before going deep to get solutions and recommendations. Although the European currency has remained stable despite the shock, sovereign debt has raised substantially in a few eurozone countries. In the crisis countries that are most affected are Greece, Ireland, and Portugal, which collectively contribute 6 percent of the eurozone’s gross domestic product. Members pinpointed to contribute to the evolution of the crisis are Greece, Ireland, and Portugal. From the three states, the crisis is noted to have spread to Italy, Spain, Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom. ... In projects, leadership should play a key role and this is the case with the European Union however other factors let it down. According to Olsson (2009), there are different things that the leaders have been agreeing on for instance creation of a common fiscal union and balanced budget management in each state. In an issue like this one, it becomes necessary to look at the causes of the same before going deep to get solutions and recommendations. Although the European currency has remained stable despite the shock, sovereign debt has raised substantially in a few eurozone countries. In the crisis countries that are most affected are Greece, Ireland, and Portugal, which collectively contribute 6 percent of the eurozone’s gross domestic product (Olsson, 2009, p.23-26). Analysis of the European Crisis Complex factors have resulted to the European sovereign debt crisis including globalization of finance; easy credit conditions between 2002 and 2008 that encouraged much borrowing; trade imbalances in the international markets; slow economic growth after 2008; fiscal policy challenges particularly high entitlement spending; and approaches used by nations to bailout banking industries challenged (Chrisdoulaki, 2010).The dawn of the crisis was in 2000 to 2007 where the global pool of fixed income securities increased. This increased savings in individual states as developing countries entered global capital markets. Different countries in the European were affected by these swings in the global economy that had begun in United States of America. Some borrowed and invested in different ways for instance Ireland, one of the leading contributors of the crisis, lent the money to property developers through its